Beautiful Quotations About Eternal Love

Beautiful Quotations About Eternal Love Can there be lasting, eternal love between two people? You can look at quotes from writers and thinkers through the ages to see it is not a modern invention. It has been celebrated for centuries. One story of timeless love was an article about an old couple  who were still very much in love with each other. They had children and grandchildren who lived far away, so they were each others only companions. The man would bring his wife flowers almost every day, while the woman took care of the man as one would do a child. What made the couple unique was that the old man had Alzheimers disease. He had forgotten everything about his family. But he kept telling everybody he met that he wanted to marry that girl from the neighborhood. He was talking about his wife. Isnt it surprising that even a debilitating disease like Alzheimers that wipes out memories in the brain, could not wipe out the memory of the heart? That is true love. It may be rare, but it does exist. You dont have to be a romantic to discover true love. If you are a believer, look deep within your heart. Each one of us has been blessed with the ability to love deeply. Reach within and find the abundant love that resides in your heart. With love, you can change the world. Love helps you transcend the realm of superficiality, and achieve a spiritual awakening. These eternal love quotes are embedded with gems of wisdom that will enrich you. Share these with your dearest and set out on the quest for true love. Jeff Zinnert Love is something eternal; the aspect may change, but not the essence. Antoine de Saint-Exupery True love begins when nothing is looked for in return. William Butler Yeats True love is a discipline in which each divines the secret self of the other and refuses to believe in the mere daily self. Marcel Proust Love is space and time measured by the heart. Charlotte Elizabeth Aisse I could never love where I could not respect. Anonymous Sometimes we let affection, go unspoken, Sometimes we let our love go unexpressed, Sometimes we cant find words to tell our feelings, Especially towards those, we love the best. Voltaire Love has features which pierce all hearts, he wears a bandage which conceals the faults of those beloved. He has wings, he comes quickly and flies away the same. William Shakespeare Love is a smoke made with the fume of sighs. Being purged, a fire sparkling in lovers eyes. Being vexed, a sea nourished with lovers tears. What is it else? A madness most discreet, a choking gall and a preserving sweet. From the movie Moulin Rouge Love is a many splendid thing. Love lifts us up where we belong. All you need is love! Bryce Courtney Love is energy: it can neither be created nor destroyed. It just is and always will be, giving meaning to life and direction to goodness... Love will never die. Charles Stanley Romantic love reaches out in little ways, showing attention and admiration. Romantic love remembers what pleases a woman, what excites her, and what surprises her. Its actions whisper: you are the most special person in my life. Thomas Trahern Love is the true means by which the world is enjoyed: our love to others, and others love to us. Honore de Balzac True love is eternal, infinite, and always like itself. It is equal and pure, without violent demonstrations; it is seen with white hairs and is always young in the heart. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin Love alone is capable of uniting living beings in such a way as to complete and fulfill them, for it alone takes them and joins them by what is deepest in themselves. Lao Tzu Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength while loving someone deeply gives you courage. Sir Arthur Wing Pinero Those who love deeply never grow old; they may die of old age, but they die young. Leo Tolstoy When you love someone, you love the whole person, just as he or she is, and not as you would like them to be. William Shakespeare Love looks not with eyes, but with the mind.

Free Trade Agreements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Free Trade Agreements - Essay Example The Agreement, which entered into force on January 1, 2004, is the United States' first FTA with an Asian nation and the first FTA signed by President Bush. The U.S.-Singapore FTA expands U.S. market access in goods, services, investment, government procurement, intellectual property, and also promotes labor rights and the environment. This FTA further develops an already well-built commercial relationship with American's 12th largest trading partner This FTA will serve as the foundation for other possible FTAs in Southeast Asia. Singapore hereby saves more than $115 million annually in tariff cuts since the United States is Singapore's second-largest export market. It also generates thousands of jobs in the service, support and manufacturing industries and induces more US companies and their investments to come to Singapore. It also has an economic offshoot to the other region besides Singapore as the US would be looking for similar deals with the rest of the Asian countries. It also helps Singapore garment exports compete more effectively against those made in China or Indonesia. One advantage of the restructuring of the local textile/apparel industry is the greater use of synthetic fibers. This is expected to generate by-product for the local chemical industry which produces synthetic fibers such as lycra and rayon. (Tony Sitathan) At the same time the producers of these products bring foreign investment into Singapore. Singapore is now the third largest recipient of U.S. foreign direct investment in the Asia-Pacific, after Australia and Japan. The FTA also has helped to add momentum to Singapore's initiatives to develop as a regional and global hub for medical technology, financial services, and transport and shipping. Similarly there are various benefits to the United States. (Statement as to how the united states-Singapore free trade agreement serves the interests of United States commerce). Singapore has committed to eliminating all outstanding tariffs on U.S to zero percent. Singapore's financial services sectors, such as banking and insurance are also accessible for U.S. businesses. The FTA also requires Singapore to lessen restrictions on U.S. law firms that plan to form joint law practices in Singapore. Further there are benefits for U.S. telecom service providers. At the same time world-class standards for protection are provided for various forms of intellectual property. Smooth and transparent access to Singapore's market is another benefit for the development of small and medium enterprises. Concrete obligations on customs procedures that will help U.S. cut down additional costs in exports market are also provided. Finally appropriate attention is also given to domestic laws providing fo r labor standards. At the same time a comprehensive FTA between the United States and Korea will bring about significant economic benefits for both sides. (United States-Korea free trade agreement:a win-win proposition) Korea is an important and attractive trade partner for the United States. It is the seventh largest trading partner and seventh largest export market, and sixth largest agricultural market for the United States. This promises a remarkable opportunity for U.S. businesses and workers. Second, there will be increased access

Reflective paper on communication within groups Essay

Reflective paper on communication within groups - Essay Example eds emphasis in the whole ball game of business undertaking is to be effective yet useful at the same time, without making use of the resources in an abundant capacity. This means that resources stand as a problem in the wake of an organization trying to achieve its goal in the way of meeting its objectives. These objectives could both be short term as well as long term – both looking to stabilize the working capital of the organization and its different tenets. To be effective within a business communication setting, there is a need to have proper and sound policies when it comes to e-mail communication, cross cultural exchange and lastly correct usage of diversification within an organization. E-mails that are sent out in an organization need to be written and sent in a manner which could easily be read and understood by the right mix of audiences that work within an organization. This means that the language used should be readable and easy to interpret. Any organization wo uld dearly want to have employees who could make out from a variety of different Internet languages, which also brings to light the notion of understanding and comprehending the ‘net lingo’ – the mix of informal Internet language and the common, daily use terms like ‘hey’, ‘u’, ‘f9’ and so on. There are definitely some guidelines attached with the smooth interaction and transfer of cross-cultural issues but they are hard to come by and even harder to implement at the work place, more so if the employees are not that comfortable with the same. Cross cultural awareness is increased within the companies and its people through effective managers who can bridge the gap between them culturally and socially. It is adopted through extremely viable work styles, cultures and practices within the office work place. Productive relationships between employees result in a better understanding of the business in general and amongst the cross-cultural factions in general. A successful

Fresh Water Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fresh Water Pollution - Essay Example Nutrient pollution is caused by excess seepage of nutrients into the water; microorganisms that live in the water cause microbiological pollution. Suspended matter is caused by pollutants whose molecules are too big to mix thus form a silt at the bottom or remain floating at the top. A number of human activities such as industries that releases their effluent to fresh water bodies bring about surface water pollution. Oxygen depletion is the result of the release of too much biodegradable waste into the water. Thus, the oxygen in the water is used up by the increased amount of organisms that break down matter. Chemical pollution refers to contamination of water by industrial and agricultural waste such as metals, detergents and pesticides. In addition, it may be caused by oil spillage. Finally, ground water pollution is caused by seepage of chemicals through the soil and into underground water sources such as wells and boreholes. This pollution is caused by human activities although some are natural as found in Bangladesh laced with arsenic. Excess fertilizer, animal manure and waste effluent, contain nutrients that stimulate excess plant and algae growth in the fresh water bodies; they cause the decomposing plants and animals to use the oxygen to depletion causing the death of the organisms and animals, as well as the plants. Agricultural and chemical waste like DDT that is persistent insecticides and pesticides accumulate in the fresh water harming fish and birds. In addition, oil from oil spills and coagulated chemicals from industries cause the birds in the water bodies to have their wings and feathers clogged up thus are unable to fly. Human and fecal waste may contain disease carrying organisms and pathogens, which causes cholera and typhoid among humans which may cause death and disease outbreaks. Chemical pollutants that find their

Types Of Retail Formats In India

Types Of Retail Formats In India In this term paper we study about different retail formats prevailing in India and various ownership styles followed by these retail stores and after discussing all the aspects we find out that which ownership style is efficient for retailers and is suitable for coming retailers and also has future growth. We find out franchises is best form of ownership. It converted mom-pop stores into organized form by providing franchises to the owners of the stores. TYPES OF RETAIL FORMATS IN INDIA India is growing at a great pace and the retail sector is also developing with it. Big Indian business houses are entering into retail sector and are adopting various retail formats for their business which are best suited to them. We can divide Indian retail market in three forms which are mentioned below: Store Retailers Non-store retailers Service retailers STORE RETAIL FORMATS: Mom-and-pop Store These are family owned stores which provide small quantity of merchandise or goods to the customers. They are individually run and target the smaller sections of the  society. These stores provide high standard services. They provide home delivery and credit facility without any interest to its customers. Convenience Store Convenience is offered in a lot of ways to the customers through easily accessible store locations and small store size that allows the customers to do quick shopping and fast checkout. The product selection offered by these retailers is very limited and the price of the products can be high. Supermarkets Supermarket is another popular retail format in India. A supermarket is a grocery store which deals in food and household goods. They offer a fairly huge range of products and self service. People usually go to the supermarkets to buy goods in large quantities so that they can stock those goods for later consumption. They provide products for reasonable prices and of medium to high quality. Department Store Department stores are classified as general merchandisers. Some carry a more selective product line. For instance, while Sears carries a wide range of products from hardware to cosmetics, Nordstrom focuses their products on clothing and personal care products. Category Killers The specialty stores are called Category Killers. These stores are specialized in their fields and they offer only one category of products. The most popular examples of category killers include wall-mart and electronic stores like Best Buy and sports accessories stores like Sports Authority. Discount Stores Discount stores offer price reduction Discount stores offer price reduction Discount stores offer product at lower price than market price. The main reason behind this low price is the additional stock left over towards the end of any season. Discount stores sell their goods at a reduced rate with an aim of drawing bargain shoppers. Mass Discounters These are general and specialty store that provide huge discounts on their merchandise to finish block stock and its small difference between discount stores and mass discounters is that it provide lesser services to customers. Warehouse Stores These are the type of mass discounters that provide comparatively less price than the traditional mass discounters. Moreover, these stores often requires the buyers to make the purchases in quantities that are greater than what can be purchased at mass discount stores. These retail outlets provide few services and product selection can be limited. The retail design and layout is as the name suggests that is warehouse style with consumers often selecting products off the ground from the shipping package. Some forms of warehouse stores called warehouse clubs require customers to purchase memberships in order to gain access to the outlet. Street vendors The Street Vendors or hawkers who sell products on the streets are quite popular in India. They try to attract the customers attention through shouting out about their product mix. Street vendors are found in almost every city in India and the business capital of Mumbai has a number of shopping areas which are comprised mainly of street vendors. These hawkers not only sell just clothes and accessories but also local food. Kiosks Kiosks are box-like shops which sell small and cheap items like cigarettes, toffees, newspapers and magazines, water packets, tea and coffee. These are most commonly found on every street in a city and target primarily to the local residents. Hypermarkets Hypermarkets in India are a combination of supermarket and department store. These are large retailers that provide all kinds of groceries and general goods. Big Bazaar and Reliance Fresh are hypermarkets that attract enormous crowds. Malls Malls are the largest retail format in India Malls are the largest retail format in India These are the largest retail format in India. Malls provide everything that a person wants to buy under one roof. From clothes and accessories to food or cinemas, malls provide all of this, and more. Examples include Spencers Plaza in Chennai, India, Alpha one in Amritsar and Viva collage in Jalandhar . NON-STORE RETAIL FORMATS: Catalog Retailers Retailers such as Lands End and LL Bean have built their business by having customers place orders after seeing products that appear in a mailed catalog. Orders are then delivered by a third-party shipper. E-retailers Possibly the most publicized retail model to evolve in the last 50 years is the Retailer that principally sells via the Internet. There are thousands of online-only retail sellers of which Amazon.com is the most famous. These retailers offer shopping convenience including being open for business all day, every day. Electronic retailers or e-tailers also have the ability to offer a wide selection of product since all they really need in order to attract orders is a picture and description of the product. That is, they may not need to have the product on-hand the way physical stores do. Instead an e-tailer can wait until an order is received from their customers before placing their own order with their suppliers. This cuts down significantly on the cost of maintaining products in-stock. Vending Vending machines is a automatic machine from where we can purchase items like coldrinks, chocolates by throughing coins in it.While most consumers are well aware of vending machines allowing customers but newer devices are entering the market containing more expensive and bulkier products. These systems require the vending machine have either Internet or telecommunications access to permit purchase using credit cards. SERVICE RETAILERS: Service retailers are those which provide different services to customers. Such as: OWNERSHIP STYLES FOLLOWED BY DIFFERENT CATEGORY RETAILERS: Individually Owned and Operated: This structure refers to single ownership stores having one or more stores under it. Single ownership of retail outlets most frequently occurs with small retail stores, though there are some cases, for instance in the automotive or furniture industries, where single ownership involves very large outlets. Advantages: There are no restrictions on who,where and what type of business a person want to open. A person can start any legal business without any problem. Disadvantages: Because of the ease and flexibility of getting started, there can be a lot of competition in a particular area for a certain type of customer.There is no branding, no preset guidelines and a great deal of risk in this business model Franchises: Purchasing a franchise is buying the right to use a name, product, concept and business plan. The franchisee will receive a proven business model from an established business. Advantages: All of the business operation processes have been established. The franchisee receives help from a network and customers are already familiar with name .Same marketing strategies are opted which are used by other franchises .Most all of the risk associated with starting a retail business has been reduced. Disadvantages: Franchisees pay a fee, or royalty, based on sales each year. Franchisee have huge amount to spend to get a franchisee and there is no flexibility and freedom allowed in this form.   Dealership: Retailers may find the business model of a licensed dealership as a mix of franchise and independent retailer. The licensee has the right (sometimes this is exclusive) to sell a brand of products. Unlike a franchise, the dealer can sell a variety of brands and there generally no fees to the licensor. Dealerships may or may not be identified as an authorized seller or by the companys trademark. Advantages: There may be some branding or product name recognition by the customer. The dealership relation is much more flexible than that of a franchise. This may be a good business model for part-time retailers or those just starting in retail. Disadvantages: Dealer have to spend huge amount to get a dealership Corporate Chain: A retail chain consists of multiple retail outlets owned and operated by a single entity all performing similar retail activities. While the number of retail outlets required to be classified as a chain has never been specified, we will assume that anyone owning more than five retail locations would be considered a chain. EFFICIENT OWNERSHIP TYPE: If you are based in India and have sufficient money to invest in a new business, then you must surely consider a good franchise business option. There are different types of franchise business in India that are hugely successful and looking for expansion. Franchising is one of the popular models of business looked as a win-win model by both the franchisor and the franchisee. In fact, this business concept is a great way of expanding a proven business model by leveraging the resources and the enterprise of potential franchisees. In fact, buying a franchise business in India is a better option as compared to starting your own business from scratch. Today, there are different platforms where you can look for a franchise business. You can check out details in local newspapers or browse the Internet to look for information about companies or brands interested in expansion of their business. In fact, websites are the best ones to find information on find about best franchise business in India based on different categories. For example, if you are a person who is interested in Play School business then you need to first find out all the available franchisors who would be allowing you to join under them as a franchisee. Contact them and if they find your proposal interesting, then you can become a part of their brand. Remember, it is the dream of every company to increase their brand visibility and franchising is the best way to do so. There are so many companies in India who have high faith in franchising concept and have utilized this concept to promote their brands. Apart from Indian companies, there are many International brands that have spread their business in different parts of India through franchising. The franchising industry in India has thus become an important tool for all brands to woo the customers and expand their business territories. DEFINATION: franchise is a form of channel in which one party, the franchisor, controls the business activities of another party, the franchisee. Under these arrangements, an eligible franchisee agrees to pay for the right to use the franchisors business methods and other important business aspects, such as the franchise name. For instance, McDonalds is a well-known franchisor that allows individuals to use the McDonalds name and methods to deliver food to consumers. Payment is usually in the form of a one-time, upfront franchise fee and also on-going percentage of revenue. While the cost to the franchisee may be quite high, this form of retailing offers several advantages to both the parties: Advantages to franchisee: One of the most important advantages of buying a franchise is that the entrepreneur does not have to incur all the risk involved with creating a new business. Typically, the areas that entrepreneurs have problems with in starting a new venture are product acceptance, management expertise, meeting capital requirements, knowledge of the market, and operating and structural controls. Product Acceptance- The Franchisee usually enters into a business that has an accepted name, product or service. That credibility already exists based on the years the Franchise has existed. An entrepreneur who tries to start a shop would be unknown to the potential customers and would require significant effort and resources to build credibility and a reputation in the market. Management Expertise- Another important advantage to the Franchisee is managerial assistance provided by the franchisor. Each new franchisee is often required to take a training programme on all aspects of operating the franchise. This training could include classes in accounting, personnel management marketing and production. The training and education offered is actually an important criterion. That the entrepreneur should consider in evaluating any Franchise opportunity. If the assistance in starting up the business is not good, the entrepreneur should probably look elsewhere for opportunities unless he or she already has extensive experience in the field. Capital Requirements- Starting a new venture is usually costly in terms of both time and money. The franchise offers an opportunity to start a new venture with up front support that could save the entrepreneur significant time and possibly capital. Some franchisors conduct location analysis and market research of the area that might include an assessment of traffic, demographics, business conditions, and competition. In some cases, the franchisor will also finance the initial investment to start the franchise operation. The initial capital required to purchase a franchise generally reflects a fee for the franchise, construction costs, and the purchase of equipment. Knowledge of the Market- Any established franchise business offers the entrepreneur years of experience in the business and knowledge of the market. This knowledge is usually reflected in a plan offered to the franchisee that details the profile of the target customer and the strategies that should be implemented once the operation has begun. Advantages to franchisor: This type of arrangement can offer an array of advantages for the franchisor. Additional Revenue- Whenever a franchisor grants a new franchise location, he enters into a franchise agreement in which the franchisee agrees to pay fees or royalties. The franchisor can use these additional sources of revenue to reduce operating expenses such as advertising and distribution costs. The revenue can also be used to increase the franchisors cash flow. Reduced Risk of Expansion- Franchises allow the franchisor to expand her business by using the capital and resources from the franchisee. Although the franchisor often assists the franchisee in finding sources of capital to get started, the franchisee is still the one responsible for obtaining the financing and is on the hook to pay back any loan or other debt obligations. Ease of Quality Control- A franchise agreement requires the franchisee to follow corporate guidelines when operating his business. For example, a McDonalds franchisee is required to make hamburgers a specific way and may not deviate. For the franchisor, this means fewer concerns about the quality of the product that is sold, and he doesnt have to worry about a rogue franchisee who wants to do things his own way. Ease of Expansion- A franchisor can easily expand her business by granting new franchises to franchisees in untapped markets. She may be able to locate potential franchisees who are more familiar with the nuances of a particular market than she is, which increases the chances for success. The franchisor will reap the benefits of additional royalties and increased brand recognition. Increased Royalties- A franchisee may be more motivated than an employee, such as a branch manager of a satellite operation. Since the franchisee has a personal financial stake in the success of the business, he may be more likely to work harder. For the franchisor, the result is more revenue through increased royalties. Due to its advantages to both franchisee and franchisor it consider efficient form of ownership.

Monkey, the Novel Essay -- parallels Monkey humans

Monkey, the Novel  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Monkey is created by the author as an individual entity that resembles the characteristic of an ordinary human being. It is quite obvious that the audience would better understand the idea hidden in the literature if the characteristics of the protagonist are closely related to those of the reader. In Monkey , the author carefully parallels the traits of Monkey to the lives of human beings. Then why does the author portray so much resemblance between Monkey and human? The author’s approach in attracting the audience by using symbolism successfully accomplishes the intention in the novel.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All humans feel a need, a hunger for the things that benefit their way of living. Monkey easily symbolizes many ordinary humans in this world. Monkey’s life represents a journey that reflects the lives of most human beings. From the beginning of the novel, Monkey expresses hunger that is overpowered by greed. Similar to human beings,Monkey first seeks knowledge, then power, and finally enlightenment. Monkey’s arrogance brought by greed is displayed when he proclaims, â€Å"why do you not bow down to me as your king?'; . Monkey’s desire to acquire more than the apparent limit is more understandable to the audience, because human beings are able to empathize with this greed felt by Monkey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All people fight with human nature to alter the natural phenomenon that occurs in life. In comparison, Monkey struggles to alter nature by demanding immortality. H...

History of Dentistry Essay

Magic played an important part in the treatment of dental ills, and people of early ages had odd beliefs concerning teeth. The Egyptians believed that the mouse was under the direct protection of the sun, therefore if one had a toothache the split body of a warm mouse was applied to the affected side. In India the cusped of Buddha was enshrined in a famous temple (at Kandi) and prayed to in fertility rites. Prayers were offered up to saints for the relief of pain. St. Apollonia of Alexandria, 249 A.D., was one such saint. She is now the Patron Saint of Dentistry. II. Egyptians and Chinese. The first known dentist was an Egyptian named Hesi-Re (3000 B.C.). He was the chief dentist to the Pharaohs. He was also a physician, indicating an association between medicine and dentistry. In the 5th century B.C. Herodatus, a historian, described the medical art in Egypt: â€Å"The art of medicine is distributed thus: Each physician is a physician of one disease and no more; and the whole country is full of physicians, for some profess themselves to be physicians of the eyes, others of the head, others of the teeth, others of affections of the stomach, and others of more obscure ailments†. Dentistry today is somewhat specialized. The eight specialties are as follows: * 1901 Orthodontics * 1918 Oral Surgery * 1918 Periodontics * 1918 Prosthodontics * 1927 Pedodontics * 1937 Public Health * 1946 Oral Pathology * 1963 Endodontics The first evidence of a surgical operation was found in Egypt. A mandible with  two perforations just below the root of the first molar indicated the establishment of drainage of an abscessed tooth. The approximate date is 2750 B.C. The splinting of teeth also was practiced by Egyptians; evidence by a specimen from Cizeh, 2500 B.C. It shows two molars fastened with heavy gold wire. The Chinese were known to have treated dental ills with knife, cautery, and acupuncture, a technique whereby they punctured different areas of the body with a needle. There is no evidence of mechanical dentistry at that time, 2700 B.C., however. Marco Polo stated that the Chinese did cover teeth with thin gold leafs only as decorations, 1280 A.D. The earliest practice of the prosthetic arts was among the ancient Phoenicians circa 500 B.C. Hammarabi, ruler of all lower Meso-potamia (1760 B.C.), established a state controlled economy in which fees charged by physicians were set. His low code contained two paragraphs dealing with teeth: â€Å"If a person knocks out the teeth of an equal, his teeth shall be knocked out.† â€Å"If he knocks out the tooth of a freed slave, he shall pay one third of a mine.† Teeth were knocked out as a form of punishment among these early people. II. The Greeks, Etruscans and Romans A. The Greeks The contribution of the Greeks was mostly on the medical side. The ancient Greek physician, Aesculapius – 1250 B.C. – gained great frame for medical knowledge and skill. In time he was deified. Apollo was listed as his father. Aesculapius originated the art of bandaging and use of purgatives. He also advocated cleaning of teeth and extractions. Hippocrates (500 B.C.) was supposed to be a descendant of Aesculapius. Hippocrates became famous both as practitioner and writer on medical subjects. He did not believe in magic. He stressed nature’s role in healing. Hippocrates raised the art of medicine to a high level. Also in one of his texts (Peri-Arthron) he devoted 32 paragraphs to the dentition. He appreciated the importance of teeth. He accurately described the technique for reducing a fracture of the jaw and also for replacing a dislocated mandible. He was familiar with extraction forceps for this is mentioned in one of his writings. Aristotle – 384 B.C. – who follows Hippocrates, accurately described extraction forceps and in his book De Partibus Animal Culum devoted a complete chapter to the teeth. He also stated figs and soft sweets produce decay. He called it a putrefactive process instead of fermentative. B. The Etruscans. Etruscans (100 – 400 B.C.) in the hills of Central Italy made the greatest contribution in restorative dentistry. In Italian museums there are numerous specimens of crowns and bridges which were the equal of many made in Europe and America up until 1870 when the dental engine was invented. A very unusual specimen is a bridge constructed about 2500 years ago. This consists of several gold bands fastened to natural teeth and supporting three artificial teeth, two of which are made from a calf’s tooth grooved in the center to appear like two central incisors. Etruscan art, seen at its best in Florence, reflects some oriental influence but essentially it is their own. Conquered in 309 B.C., they were absorbed by the Roman Empire. VII. Founding of Universities and Introduction of Dental Texts Around 1300 universities like those at Paris, Oxford and Bologna were founded and important books made their appearance. One such text, Chirurgia Magna, was written by the famous French surgeon Guy de Chauliac in 1386. In this test he devoted some space to pathology and therapeutics of the teeth. Chauliac was first to coin the term dentator and dentists. The English term dentist came from his original terms. Following Chauliac cam Giovanni de Arcoli in 1400. His opinions and instruments were somewhat modern. His pelican for extraction of teeth was used for years and his root forceps could be used today. He advised good oral cleaning habits and to avoid hot and cold substances and sweet stuffs. He was first to mention filling teeth with gold. IV. Women in Dentistry. The first woman dentist in England was a widow of Dr. Povey – 1719. When he died she took over his practice. The first woman dentist in the United States was Emeline Rupert Jones of Connecticut. She too, took over her husband’s practice after he died. In 1854, soon after they were married, she offered to assist him. He refused, stating that dentistry was no occupation for frail and clumsy fingers. Secretly she filled several hundred extracted teeth and demonstrated her skill to her husband. He then let her operate on a few of his patients. After his death, she took over and practiced for at least 50 years. She was accepted in both the Connecticut State Dental Society in 1893 and National Dental Association in 1914. The honor of being the first woman graduate dentist goes to Dr. Lucy Hobbs, 1865. She graduated from the Ohio Dental College. Creighton University Boyne School of Dental Science: 1. Dr. Ellen Kelley – first woman graduate – 1908. 2. Dr. Marilyn Bradshaw – 1949 Last female graduate until: 3. Dr. Cheri Lewis – 1976 – first woman since Dr. Bradshaw. So as you can see, the history of Dentistry, involving rigorous discoveries and improvements, has come a long way. Entering the dental field is an unpredictable journey within itself.